Descriptive Text
a. Social function
To describe a particular person, places, or thing or animal.
b. Generic structure
1. Identification (identifies phenomenon to be described)
2. Description describes parts, qualities, characteristic
c. Grammatical Features
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Use of attribute (e.g. possessive pronoun: mine, ours)
3. Frequent use of classifies (e.g. adjective: beautiful, long hair) in nominal groups (some, many, any etc.)
4. Use of simple present tense
Report Text
a. Social function to describe the way things are, with reference to arrange of natural, man made and social phenomena in our environment.
b. Generic Structure
1. General classification (tells both the phenomenon under discussion is)
2. Description (tells about phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of part qualities habits or behaviors)
c. Grammatical Features
1. Focus on generic participant
2. Use of rational processes to state what is and that which it is.
3. use the simple present tense
4. no temporal sequence (first, second, than, after that, finally)
Examples of text report:
• Text books
• Encyclopaedias
• Scientific magazine
• Historical text
• Government report
• Factual reading books
• Reference books
• Classroom lessons
• Environment programs
• TV documents
• Magazines and newspapers articles
• Science program media
• Local information text about health services
• Information about important issues etc.
Written by: Neng Ria Saparingga a resource from my summary classroom lessons Foreign Language College Sebelas April Sumedang of Writing on March 17 , 2009. Instructor by H. Muzmar Qo’imin, Drs., M.Hum.
Jumat, 26 Februari 2010
INTRODUCTORY IT
INRODUCTORY IT
A : To understand this lesson is easy
B : It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the cubject position in the sentence. thus, it is called introductory “it”.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
A : To watch musical programs is pleasent.
B : It is pleasent to Watch musical program
Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase with a gerund ini t or a clause.
- It looked doubtfl whether she would come.
- It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, cons, etc...
- I considered it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory it in question
- When was is that the maneger came?
- It was at 10 am that the maneger came.
A : To understand this lesson is easy
B : It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the cubject position in the sentence. thus, it is called introductory “it”.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
A : To watch musical programs is pleasent.
B : It is pleasent to Watch musical program
Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase with a gerund ini t or a clause.
- It looked doubtfl whether she would come.
- It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, cons, etc...
- I considered it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory it in question
- When was is that the maneger came?
- It was at 10 am that the maneger came.
Kamis, 25 Februari 2010
NEWS ITEM
News item is factual text which infroms the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Function of news item :
Social function of news items is to infrom readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
- Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the events in summary form.
- Background event(s) : elaborate what happend , to WHOM, in WHAT circumstance.
- Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.
Significant Granma features:
~ Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
~ Generally using Simple Past Tense
~ Use of material priocesses to rettel the event
~ Using Action verbs, ex: run, go, kil, etc
~ Using saying verbs, ex: say, tell
~ Focus on circumstances
~ Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage.
There an some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of “be’
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tnese is used, usually to describe something that is changing or
developing,but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentence
A headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article
below it.
Read some newspaper headlines below:
1. Michael Jackson’s last album “This is it” will be on the market in November.
2. Rupiah becomes stronger at the end of this week.
Function of news item :
Social function of news items is to infrom readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
- Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the events in summary form.
- Background event(s) : elaborate what happend , to WHOM, in WHAT circumstance.
- Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.
Significant Granma features:
~ Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
~ Generally using Simple Past Tense
~ Use of material priocesses to rettel the event
~ Using Action verbs, ex: run, go, kil, etc
~ Using saying verbs, ex: say, tell
~ Focus on circumstances
~ Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage.
There an some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of “be’
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tnese is used, usually to describe something that is changing or
developing,but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentence
A headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article
below it.
Read some newspaper headlines below:
1. Michael Jackson’s last album “This is it” will be on the market in November.
2. Rupiah becomes stronger at the end of this week.
Example:
RI wants Thai firms to work with local fishery companies
Lilian Budianto , The Jakarta Post , Jakarta Tue, 02/16/2010 11:11 AM World
Is it right?: Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa (right) talks to Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya during a press conference at the Foreign Ministry, on Monday, in Jakarta. Marty held a bilateral meeting with his visiting counterpart Kasit to discuss a range of issues, including illegal fishing and the situation in southern Thailand. JP/J. Adiguna
Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa said here Monday Indonesia wanted Thai fishing firms to form joint venture with local companies if they wanted to continue operating in Indonesian waters.After receiving Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya at his office in Jakarta, Marty told a press conference that the joint operation was a key step toward eradicating illegal fishing. “We are working very closely to finalize an MoU by the middle of this year — one that moves beyond the old formula of the issuance of license [for Thai vessels to operate in Indonesian waters], and toward more joint ventures and partnerships for the mutual benefit of both countries,” Marty said. The memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Jakarta and Bangkok has been the subject of deliberations since early last year. Many Thai fishing firms operate with legal documents in the archipelago, but allegedly have not built processing plants as required by Indonesian regulations. The regulations, which were introduced in 2008, were aimed at creating added value and jobs in Indonesia. The Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry said Indonesian waters were the world’s biggest victim of illegal fishing, with up to 1.6 million tons of its fish being poached every year by fishing vessels from a number of other countries including Thailand. The ministry said there were at least 1,000 foreign vessels involved in illegal fishing in Indonesia’s exclusive economic zones every year, since Indonesian patrols could only cover 12 percent of the area.In the press conference, Minister Kasit expressed his agreement on the need for Thai fishery companies to work with their Indonesian counterparts if they wanted to continue operating in Indonesian waters.“As a country with the largest fishing fleet in the world and one of the largest fishery processing industries, Thailand is dependent on Indonesia’s fish [resources],” Kasit said.“But if we are to come here to fish, we want the benefits to be shared with the Indonesian side. So, there would be mutual benefits and no notion of unilateral exploitation by the Thai side...”Indonesian Ambassador to Thailand Muhammad Hatta said illegal Thai fishing in Indonesian waters cost the country Rp 30 trillion (US$2.8 billion) in every year, representing more than half of the total state losses inflicted by illegal fishing activities.“Indonesia and Thailand have set up a joint task force, which works to share information as well as take control of fishing activities in sea border areas.”Minister Kasit spent 2 days in Jakarta for a visit he said was intended to “take stock of bilateral relations” after 60 years of diplomatic ties. Both ministers will convene at the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Vietnam in April.Berly Martawardaya, a lecturer with the University of Indonesia’s school of economics, said both countries had to utilize ASEAN forums to sort out pending issues before the formation of the ASEAN community by 2015.“It is recognized that Indonesia is facing difficulties in maintaining control of its vast water areas with its limited budget.”
Is it right?: Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa (right) talks to Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya during a press conference at the Foreign Ministry, on Monday, in Jakarta. Marty held a bilateral meeting with his visiting counterpart Kasit to discuss a range of issues, including illegal fishing and the situation in southern Thailand. JP/J. Adiguna
Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa said here Monday Indonesia wanted Thai fishing firms to form joint venture with local companies if they wanted to continue operating in Indonesian waters.After receiving Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya at his office in Jakarta, Marty told a press conference that the joint operation was a key step toward eradicating illegal fishing. “We are working very closely to finalize an MoU by the middle of this year — one that moves beyond the old formula of the issuance of license [for Thai vessels to operate in Indonesian waters], and toward more joint ventures and partnerships for the mutual benefit of both countries,” Marty said. The memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Jakarta and Bangkok has been the subject of deliberations since early last year. Many Thai fishing firms operate with legal documents in the archipelago, but allegedly have not built processing plants as required by Indonesian regulations. The regulations, which were introduced in 2008, were aimed at creating added value and jobs in Indonesia. The Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry said Indonesian waters were the world’s biggest victim of illegal fishing, with up to 1.6 million tons of its fish being poached every year by fishing vessels from a number of other countries including Thailand. The ministry said there were at least 1,000 foreign vessels involved in illegal fishing in Indonesia’s exclusive economic zones every year, since Indonesian patrols could only cover 12 percent of the area.In the press conference, Minister Kasit expressed his agreement on the need for Thai fishery companies to work with their Indonesian counterparts if they wanted to continue operating in Indonesian waters.“As a country with the largest fishing fleet in the world and one of the largest fishery processing industries, Thailand is dependent on Indonesia’s fish [resources],” Kasit said.“But if we are to come here to fish, we want the benefits to be shared with the Indonesian side. So, there would be mutual benefits and no notion of unilateral exploitation by the Thai side...”Indonesian Ambassador to Thailand Muhammad Hatta said illegal Thai fishing in Indonesian waters cost the country Rp 30 trillion (US$2.8 billion) in every year, representing more than half of the total state losses inflicted by illegal fishing activities.“Indonesia and Thailand have set up a joint task force, which works to share information as well as take control of fishing activities in sea border areas.”Minister Kasit spent 2 days in Jakarta for a visit he said was intended to “take stock of bilateral relations” after 60 years of diplomatic ties. Both ministers will convene at the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Vietnam in April.Berly Martawardaya, a lecturer with the University of Indonesia’s school of economics, said both countries had to utilize ASEAN forums to sort out pending issues before the formation of the ASEAN community by 2015.“It is recognized that Indonesia is facing difficulties in maintaining control of its vast water areas with its limited budget.”
2. SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote.Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in Singapore because he had physically hurt the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said that his client had become mad when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she was lying in bed. He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
NOUN PHRASES
A noun phrase (NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.
This means that one noun or pronoun can be grammatically functioned as NP.
For the NP modifer, there are 2 kinds considering by its position:
1. pre-modifier (modifier which is placed before the noun)
2. post-modifier (modifier which is placed after the noun)
The NP pattern is simple in normal sentence and imperative mood, but it’s much harder in question form with inversion.
For English:
1) pre-modifier (modifier which is placed before the noun)
1.1) Adjective
1. Opinion or judgment — beautiful, ugly, easy, fast, interesting
2. Size — small, tall, short, big
3. Age — young, old, new, historic, ancient
4. Shape — round, square, rectangular
5. Color — red, black, green, purple
6. Nationality — French, Asian, American, Canadian, Japanese
7. Material — wooden, metallic, plastic, glass, paper
8. Purpose or Qualifier — foldout (sofa), fishing (boat), racing (car)
For an adjective, it is allowed to have several adjectives modifying one head noun, but their relative order is fixed to a certain degree following the given orders respectively, e.g., beautiful long curved old red Italian steel racing car.
1.2) Determiner which includes
– articles (the, a)
– demonstratives (this, that)
– numerals (two, 5)
– possessives (my, their)
– quantifiers (some, many)
For a determiner, one unit can be used once for a certain NP. However, the rule is dismissed in case of royal usage, e.g., his majesty the king.
1.3) Noun
– some noun can be placed before another noun as a modifier such as university student, tiger hunting, etc. This include noun with possessive marker ’s such as Nurse’s uniform.
2) post-modifier (modifier which is placed after the noun)
2.1) Prepositional phrase (PP)
– PP here includes an NP after the head preposition (in the box) in = preposition | the box = NP
2.2) Relative Clause (RC)
– Not all RCs are able to modify NP but adjective clause.
Check this out!
(1) I don’t care who he is.
(2) I don’t care her who doesn’t love me.
Only example (2) is an adjective clause since the clause with relative marker is functioned as an adjective to modify pronoun “her”.
In example (1), the clause is function as an object of the sentence so it is called a noun clause and it is not concerned as a post modifier to NP.
Here is all possible NP modifiers in English.
!Note that adjective and determiner can occur together, but a determiner always positions on the leftmost. Moreover, both of them can only modify a noun, not a personal pronoun.
!!Another note that adjective clause modifies the immediate noun, e.g., “the book on the table which is burnt” = “which is burnt” modifies table, not book.
Finite Verb
Finite Verb
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.
· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences
· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences
· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.
→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.
Example :
→ Imperative mood , giving a command
example : Help me please !!!
Don't do that !!!
Verb – Finite / Non Finite
Finite Verb
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)
For example :
I lived in
Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example :
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Simple future tense is used describing job or action that will to do ( happened) at future.
a.Verbal sentence.
Subject: I, we
+ Subject + shall + infinitive (V1)
- Subject + shall + not + infinitive (V1)
? Shall + subject + infinitive (V1) ?
Ex: + We shall go to Tokyo tommorow.
- We shall not (shan’t) go to Tokyo Tomorrow.
? Shall we go to Tokyo tommorow?
Subject: You, they, he, she, It
+ Subject + will + infinitive (V1)
- Subject + will + not + infinitive (V1)
? Will + subject + infinitive (V1) ?
Ex: + Justin Bieber visit me next week.
- Justin Bieber will not (won’t) visit me next week.
? Will Justin Biber visit me next week?
b. To be Going to
+ Subject + to be + going to + infinitive (V1)
- Subject + to be + not + going to + infinitive (V1)
? To be + subject + going to + infinitive (V1)?
Ex: + Lady Daey is going to New York next week.
- Lady Daey is not going to New York next week.
? Is Lady Daey going to New York nex week?
c. Nominal Sentence
Subject: I, we
+ Subject + shall + be + noun verb
- Subject + shall + not + be + noun verb
? Shall + Subject + be + noun verb?
Ex: + I shall be at home tonight.
- I shall not be at home tonight.
? Shall I be at home tonight?
Subject : You, they, he , she , it
+ Subject + will + be + noun verb
- Subject + will + not + be + noun verb
? Will + subject + be + noun verb?
Ex: + Julitha Mullia will be happy
- Julitha Mullia will not be happy.
? Will Julitha Mullia be happy?
Time Signal
- Tommorow = Besok
- Tommorow morning = Besok pagi
- Tommorow afternoon = Besok siang
- Tommorow night = Besok malam
- Next week = Minggu depan
- Next month = Bulan depan
- Next year = Tahun depan
- Later = Nanti
- Soon = Segera
- Immediately = Segera
a.Verbal sentence.
Subject: I, we
+ Subject + shall + infinitive (V1)
- Subject + shall + not + infinitive (V1)
? Shall + subject + infinitive (V1) ?
Ex: + We shall go to Tokyo tommorow.
- We shall not (shan’t) go to Tokyo Tomorrow.
? Shall we go to Tokyo tommorow?
Subject: You, they, he, she, It
+ Subject + will + infinitive (V1)
- Subject + will + not + infinitive (V1)
? Will + subject + infinitive (V1) ?
Ex: + Justin Bieber visit me next week.
- Justin Bieber will not (won’t) visit me next week.
? Will Justin Biber visit me next week?
b. To be Going to
+ Subject + to be + going to + infinitive (V1)
- Subject + to be + not + going to + infinitive (V1)
? To be + subject + going to + infinitive (V1)?
Ex: + Lady Daey is going to New York next week.
- Lady Daey is not going to New York next week.
? Is Lady Daey going to New York nex week?
c. Nominal Sentence
Subject: I, we
+ Subject + shall + be + noun verb
- Subject + shall + not + be + noun verb
? Shall + Subject + be + noun verb?
Ex: + I shall be at home tonight.
- I shall not be at home tonight.
? Shall I be at home tonight?
Subject : You, they, he , she , it
+ Subject + will + be + noun verb
- Subject + will + not + be + noun verb
? Will + subject + be + noun verb?
Ex: + Julitha Mullia will be happy
- Julitha Mullia will not be happy.
? Will Julitha Mullia be happy?
Time Signal
- Tommorow = Besok
- Tommorow morning = Besok pagi
- Tommorow afternoon = Besok siang
- Tommorow night = Besok malam
- Next week = Minggu depan
- Next month = Bulan depan
- Next year = Tahun depan
- Later = Nanti
- Soon = Segera
- Immediately = Segera
OFFERING
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
